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In the 1930s and 1940s there was an astonishing blossoming of the symphony: a phenomenon all the more surprising as the genre had markedly waned in significance in the preceding decades. Musicologists have so far paid scant tribute to what was in many respects a heyday of the symphony. The essays presented here examine symphonic works by Hindemith * Pfitzner * Fortner * Messiaen * Stravinsky * and others, for the first time considering them in the context of political circumstances and historical events.